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Instruction
Read the passage below carefully and answer questions 6 to 10.
Those who have been following the arguments for and against the deregulation of the oil industry in Nigeria may have got the impression that deregulation connotes lack of control or indifference on the part of the Government. But there is nothing so far from official quarters to suggest that deregulation will cause the Government to relinquish its control of the oil industry because the absence of direct control does not mean that it will surrender all its rights to the entrepreneurs who may want to participate in the industry. Yet the opposition expressed so far against deregulation stems from the fear that the Government would leave Nigerians at the mercy of a heartless cartel who would command the heights of the oil industry and cause the pump price of fuel to rise above the means of most Nigerians.
As a result of such fears, many Nigerians have become resentful of deregulation and, in fact, the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) has threatened to 'deregulate' the Government if it should go ahead with the deregulation plan. But Nigerians have not fared any better with the economy totally in Government control. Until recently, the most important sectors of the economy were in the hands of the Government. Today, the deregulation of some of these sectors has broken its monopoly and introduced healthy competition to make things a little easier for Nigerians. A good example is the breaking of the stifling monopoly of Nigeria Airways. Today, the traveler is king at the domestic airports as opposed to the struggle that all travels used to be under Nigeria Airways monopoly. Before, it was almost easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for travelers to board a plane.
Following from this, the apostles of deregulation heap all the blame for the problems associated with the oil industry squarely on the Government, which owns all the refineries and which sells fuel to local consumers through its agency, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).
Government argues that if the current NNPC monopoly were broken with the introduction of entrepreneurs to the refining and sale of petroleum products in the country, the Nigerian people would be all the better for it. It stands to reason that once the Government continues to fix maximum prices for all the petroleum products in this country, the deregulation of the oil sector should bring some relief to the people by ensuring that wastage, corruption and inefficiency are reduced to the minimum. Consumers will also have the last laugh because competition will result in the availability of the products at reasonable prices. This appears to be the sense in deregulation.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2951.Which of the following conclusions can be reached from the passage?
ANigerians cannot buy fuel at exorbitant prices,
BThe deregulation of the oil industry does not preclude the Government from exerting its influence
CThe deregulation of the economy will solve all the problems of petroleum products distribution
DThe Government is hell-bent on leaving Nigerians at the mercy of a heartless cartel
Correct Answer: B
The passage says "the absence of direct control does not mean that it will surrender all its rights" — the Government retains influence.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2952.Which of these correctly summarizes the arguments adduced by the advocates of deregulation?
ADeregulating the economy will make the NNPC more efficient and less wasteful.
BCompetition in the oil industry will be beneficial to several Nigerians.
CCompetition should be allowed in the production and distribution of petroleum products.
DThe Government should deregulate every aspect of the Nigerian economy.
Correct Answer: C
The advocates argue that competition should be allowed — this captures the essence of their position.
Instruction
Read the passage below carefully and answer questions 11 to 15.
Recognizing the need for objectivity in their work, the early report writers worked to develop a writing style which would convey this attitude. They reasoned that the source of the subjective quality in a report is the human being. And they reasoned that objectivity is best attained by emphasizing the factual material of a report rather than the personalities involved. So, they worked to remove the human being from their writing. Impersonal writing style was the result. By impersonal writing is meant writing in the third person - without I's, we's or you's.
In recent years, impersonal writing has been strenuously questioned by many writers. These writers point out that personal writing is more forceful and direct than is impersonal writing. They contend that writing which brings both reader and writer into the picture is more like conversation and therefore more interesting. And they answer to the point on objectivity with a reply that objectivity is an attitude of mind and not a matter of person. A report, they say, can be just as objective when written in personal style as when in impersonal style. Frequently, they counter with the argument that impersonal writing leads to an overuse of passive voice and a generally dull writing style. This last argument, however, lacks substance. Impersonal writing can and should be interesting. Any dullness it may have is wholly the fault of the writer. As proof, one has only to look at the lively styles used by the writers for newspapers, news magazines and journals. Most of this writing is impersonal - and usually, it is not dull.
As in most cases of controversy, there is some merit to the arguments on both sides. There are situations in which personal writing is best. There are situations in which impersonal writing is best. And there are situations in which either style is appropriate. The writer must decide at the outset of his work which style is best for his own situation.
His decision should be based on the circumstances of each report situation. First, he should consider the expectations or desires of those for whom he is preparing the report. More than likely he will find a preference for impersonal style, for, like most human beings, businessmen have been slow to break tradition. Next, the writer should consider the formality of the report situation. If the situation is informal, as when the report is really a personal communication of information between business associates, personal writing is appropriate. But if the situation is formal, as is the case with most reports, the conventional impersonal style is best.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2953.One argument given in support of personal writing is that it
Ahas informal features which make it more diverting than impersonal writing
Bmakes writers more focused and less boring
Ccan be more objective than impersonal writing
Dis the style to use in all situations involving businessmen
Correct Answer: A
The passage says personal writing "is more like conversation and therefore more interesting" — it is more diverting.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2954.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
AThe impersonal style helps to achieve a measure of objectivity in report writing.
BThe impersonal style has been widely acclaimed.
CMost report writing is characterized by the sparing use of the impersonal style.
DMost writers use the impersonal style to achieve objectivity in their reports
Correct Answer: A
The passage says early writers used impersonal style to attain objectivity.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2955.According to the passage, most of the writing in newspapers, news magazines and journals is
Apersonal and uninteresting
Bpersonal and interesting
Cimpersonal and interesting
Dimpersonal and uninteresting
Correct Answer: C
The passage says "Most of this writing is impersonal - and usually, it is not dull" — impersonal and interesting.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2956.From the passage, what determines the appropriateness of a style is the
Atheme
Breader
Cwriter
Dsituation
Correct Answer: D
The passage says "The writer must decide at the outset... which style is best for his own situation" — situation determines appropriateness.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2957.Which of the following best describes the writer of the passage?
AHe recognizes the need to be critical of report writing
BHe cannot be said to be objective
CHe is being unnecessarily analytic
DHe is completely non-committal
Correct Answer: A
The writer critically examines both styles and acknowledges merit on both sides — showing critical awareness.
Instruction
Use the passage below to answer questions 16 to 25. The passage has gaps numbered 16 to 25. Immediately following each gap, four options are provided. Choose the most appropriate option for each gap.
It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able, common .... (16) which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the controlled .... (17). If he wants to find out the effect of light on growing plants, he takes many plants, as alike as possible. Some he stands in the sun, some in the shade, some in the dark, all the time keeping all other .... (18) (temperature, moisture, nourishment) the same. In this way, by keeping other variables .... (19), and by varying the light only, the effect of light on plants can be clearly seen. This .... (20) of using 'controls' can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answers to questions as widely different as 'must moisture be present if .... (21) is to rust?' and 'which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one .... (22)?'
In the course of his .... (23), the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called .... (24). If this continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a .... (25).
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2958.to find, if he is able, common ....
Aapproaches
Binstruments
Cfactors
Dexperiments
Correct Answer: C
"Common factors which underlie" — the factors that explain facts.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2959.the method of the controlled ....
Aexperiment
Brespondent
Cdata
Dsystem
Correct Answer: A
"Controlled experiment" — the standard scientific method.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2960.all the time keeping all other .... the same
Aprocedures
Bconditions
Cstudies
Dobjects
Correct Answer: B
"Keeping all other conditions the same" — the standard phrase in experimental design.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2961.keeping other variables ....
Adark
Bconstant
Cgood
Dnatural
Correct Answer: B
"Keeping other variables constant" — the controlled variable concept.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2962.This .... of using 'controls'
Amethod
Bresearch
Ctool
Drationale
Correct Answer: A
"This method of using controls" — the experimental method.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2963.must moisture be present if .... is to rust?
Aa bar
Bgold
Ciron
Dan alloy
Correct Answer: C
"Iron is to rust" — the standard example used in science.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2964.greatest yield in one ....
Aperiod
Bseason
Cclimate
Dweather
Correct Answer: B
"Yield in one season" — the agricultural context.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2965.In the course of his ....
Ainquiries
Bfindings
Cqueries
Dexperiment
Correct Answer: A
"In the course of his inquiries" — his investigations.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2966.is called ....
Aa principle
Ba thesis
Ca hypothesis
Dan antithesis
Correct Answer: C
"Called a hypothesis" — a proposed explanation.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2967.it becomes a ....
Anotion
Bdeduction
Claw
Dthesis
Correct Answer: C
"Becomes a law" — a well-tested hypothesis becomes a scientific law.
Instruction
In questions 26 to 50, choose the word(s) or phrase(s) which best fill(s) the gap(s).
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2968..... any problems I shall travel to London tomorrow on a business trip
AIn spite of
BGiven
CBarring
DIn case of
Correct Answer: C
"Barring any problems" — meaning "unless there are problems."
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2969.Musa has lived here for five years but he does not seem able to get over the enormously .... and elaborate rules that govern the society
Abizarre
Bintricate
Cabsurd
Dfantastic
Correct Answer: B
"Intricate and elaborate rules" — complex rules.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2970.The match gave the team a chance to show their ....
Amettle
Bworth
Cposition
Dprowess
Correct Answer: A
"Show their mettle" — the idiom meaning show their ability.
JAMB (UTME)
English Language
2002
Q2971.These must have .... the World Bank officials